Combining Modular Ligation and Supramolecular Self‐Assembly for the Construction of Star‐Shaped Macromolecules

A well‐defined random copolymer of styrene (S) and chloromethylstyrene (CMS) featuring lateral chlorine moieties with an alkyne terminal group is prepared (P(S‐co‐CMS), = 5500 Da, PDI = 1.13). The chloromethyl groups are converted into Hamilton wedge (HW) entities (P(S‐co‐HWS), = 6200 Da, PDI = 1.13). The P(S‐co‐HWS) polymer is subsequently ligated with tetrakis(4‐azidophenyl)methane to give HW‐functional star‐shaped macromolecules (P(S‐co‐HWS))₄, = 25 100 Da, PDI = 1.08). Supramolecular star‐shaped copolymers are then prepared via self‐assembly between the HW‐functionalized four‐arm star‐shaped macromolecules ( P(S‐co‐HW )) ₄ and cyanuric acid (CA) end‐functionalized PS (PS–CA, = 3700 Da, PDI = 1.04), CA end‐functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA–CA, = 8500 Da, PDI = 1.13) and CA end‐functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG–CA, = 1700 Da, PDI = 1.05). The self‐assembly is monitored by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and light scattering analyses.     

Mach's principle and higher‐dimensional dynamics

We briefly discuss the current status of Mach's principle in general relativity and point out that its last vestige, namely, the gravitomagnetic field associated with rotation, has recently been measured for the earth in the GP‐B experiment. Furthermore, in his analysis of the foundations of Newtonian mechanics, Mach provided an operational definition for inertial mass and pointed out that time and space are conceptually distinct from their operational definitions by means of masses. Mach recognized that this circumstance is due to the lack of any a priori connection between the inertial mass of a body and its Newtonian state in space and time. One possible way to improve upon this situation in classical physics is to associate mass with an extra dimension. Indeed, Einstein's theory of gravitation can be locally embedded in a Ricci‐flat 5D manifold such that the 4D energy‐momentum tensor appears to originate from the existence of the extra dimension. An outline of such a 5D Machian extension of Einstein's general relativity is presented.     

Practical use of variational principles for modeling water waves

This paper describes a method for deriving approximate equations for irrotational water waves. The method is based on a ‘relaxed’ variational principle, i.e., on a Lagrangian involving as many variables as possible. This formulation is particularly suitable for the construction of approximate water wave models, since it allows more freedom while preserving a variational structure. The advantages of this relaxed formulation are illustrated with various examples in shallow and deep waters, as well as arbitrary depths. Using subordinate constraints (e.g., irrotationality or free surface impermeability) in various combinations, several model equations are derived, some being well-known, other being new. The models obtained are studied analytically and exact traveling wave solutions are constructed when possible.     

Simulation of Dynamic Light Scattering Signals of Ultrafine Particles

In order to conveniently obtain dynamic light scattering (DLS) signal, a simulation method of DLS signal is proposed in this paper. This method regards the light intensity fluctuation of DLS as a stationary random process. According to autocorrelation function (ACF) of DLS signal, the stationary random process of DLS can be generated by auto‐regressive (AR) model. Signal simulations of several kinds of distribution particles and comparison of simulations and experiment prove that AR model can be used for DLS signal simulation. Moreover, by analyzing effect of simulation parameters on simulation precision, we obtained the relationship between simulation parameters and simulation precision. Finally, application of simulation signal verifies the effectiveness and convenience of this simulation method.     

Particle Size Characterization of an Extra Fine Milled Product

The present research aims to characterize the particle size distribution of sub micron particles suspended in a liquid. The particles milled are an organic poorly water soluble crystalline product. To characterize the size of these particles, different techniques have been tested: imaging techniques (SEM, CryoTEM), static light scattering techniques, dynamic light scattering techniques, centrifugation and flow field flow fractionation. The results indicate that the studied milled particles have a primary particle size close to 180nm and there is strong evidence of larger particles which are very likely aggregates. This is clearly seen from the Cryo TEM results. All the above mentioned techniques should in principle be able to measure samples of dispersion containing particles of ca 180 nm but several are disturbed by the presence of large aggregates. It is difficult to estimate the amount of aggregate present, but most of the time one is interested in what the primary particle size distribution is. It is clear that no single piece of equipment is capable of exactly determining the particle size distribution of our samples, but the static light scattering with low shear on mixing does give a good representation of what is seen with the image analysis by cryo TEM.     

负载流量碰撞检测算法在动态交通调度中的应用

随着复杂的环状路段,交叉路段、立交路段拥堵情况的不断增加,传统的交通拥堵调控策略为静态控制策略,调节的效率不高,容易出现调度冲突的问题;为了提高交通运行效率,提出一种用于解决动态交通调度的三级碰撞概率检测算法;根据交通流量的动态变化情况,通过计算流量时域内的动态流量偏差,计算三级路径之间可能存在的流量冲突概率;根据计算不同级之间的冲突概率反映动态交通拥堵的可能,确定控制的方案;实验表明,三级流量碰撞概率算法有效地降低了车辆平均延误时间,该算法有效。     

一种冲击分离式颗粒浓度测量装置的设计

为测量大气中颗粒物的粒度浓度,本文在传统的冲击采样原理的基础上设计出冲击式分级装置,并对其进行严格定标;运用消光法原理对分级后的样品进行测量,利用反射镜增大光程提高装置测量灵敏度,实现了对大气中0～5μm、5～20μm、15～40μm三个粒径区间的数量密度和质量浓度的准确测量.     

遮蔽效应对抛射沉积模型标度性质的影响

在表面粗糙化生长过程中粒子非垂直入射产生的遮蔽效应是一种长程相互作用, 实验发现非垂直入射时生长表面形貌和生长性质都受到遮蔽效应的影响. 本文通过模拟倾斜入射的抛射沉积模型得到了其标度指数、 表面统计的偏度和峰度以及生长体的多孔性与入射角度的关系, 模拟结果显示标度指数与入射角度的关系是非单调的, 而偏度和峰度的有限尺寸效应也取决于入射角度的大小. 同时本文对以上模拟结果进行了定性的分析.     

无电刷法拉第模型电动机的动力学原理

法拉第电动机使用电刷改变流经转子线圈中电流的方向,若无电刷的情况下法拉第电动机似乎不能维持转动.事实上无电刷法拉第模型电动机在人为给转子线圈初始角动量的情况下却可以不停地转动.提出了转子线圈转轴跳动假设,给出无电刷法拉第模型电动机转动的动力学解释,并得到实验验证.     

具有一般广义阻尼力和强迫周期力的相对转动非线性动力学模型的周期解

研究了一类具有一般广义阻尼力和强迫周期力项的相对转动非线性动力学模型的周期解问题.讨论了对应自治系统的周期解问题.运用Mawhin重合度理论,得到了该模型的周期解存在惟一性结果,推广了已有的结果,并且列举了具体的例子来说明结果的新颖性.